The American Constitution A Historical Background Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The American Fundamental law: A Historical Background 1781-1788 Proposition Statement: The affirmation of the United States Constitution in 1787 gave the model to another arrangement of specialists. Diagram I. General Background A. Law B. Human Affairs II. Foundation of the Fundamental law A. Articles of Alliance B. Shay s Rebellion III. Protected Convention A. Famous Control B. Constrained Power IV. Composers of the Fundamental law A. George Washington B. Benjamin Franklin C. James Madison D. George Mason V. Confirmation A. Federalism B. Hostile to Federalism VI. Future Outlook A. Bill of Rights B. Extra Amendments The Constitution of the United States involves the state s cardinal statute, providing the model for its organization and the principles under which it must run. At the point when the essential law was composed, it was expected to process for a very long time and be adaptable and versatile for future coevalss. The major law was expected to be the incomparable statute of the land. We will compose a custom paper test on The American Constitution A Historical Background Essay or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The Articles of Confederation, which were approved in 1781 was the main essential law. The Articles of Confederation managed three issues: portrayal, income upgrade, and the degree of authority over western regions. The primary issue, portrayal, gave every one of the 13 territories one voting form. The second issue, income improvement, gave Congress influence to bespeak cash from the territories in the signifier of income upgrades. The third and keep going issue put complement on western terrains: individuals were permitted to have land all the way to the Pacific and Virginia. ( West and Northwest # 8211 ; Caughey, p. 119 ) The Articles of Confederation offered capacity to the areas and was flawed as an instrument of specialists. The lack of trustworthiness caused occupations in universal dealingss and the safeguard of the state. Despite the fact that the Articles of Confederation gave the regions a cardinal specialists, Congress did non hold the force it expected to control increasi ngly acceptable. ( Robinson p. 169 ) . By 1875 it appeared to numerous reliable residents that the coalition was a disappointment. Washington, Hamilton, Jay, Madison and different pioneers over and over contended that the specialists should have been reinforced. A few Americans had specific reason for craving a more grounded specialists. Some needed the specialists to shield them from Indians, Spaniards, and the British. The gatherings of merchandisers, bargainers, and boat owners experienced obligation wars among regions and from British Torahs. Work power who credited cash to the specialists during the wars needed a more grounded specialists so they could be reimbursed. ( America On-line 2 ) . Numerous individuals think about the United States as a juvenile state, and still our central law is among the most seasoned composed crucial laws of any significant states known to mankind. Not long after the Revolutionary War, the 3,000,000 individuals who lived in the United States got malcontented with the Articles of Confederation. The specialists appeared to be unreasonably frail to order the individuals at place or to do the New Republic be regarded abroad. Congress needed influence to fund-raise and could just bespeak cash from the areas. A few regions were hapless, others paid unnecessarily much income improvements. Congress had no approval to tweak corporate greed. All regions were assume to remain by the Articles of Confederation, yet some damaged them. A few areas made agreements with the Indians and with others. They overlooked outside agreements made by Congress and managed the estimation of cash. Chaises Rebellion ( 1786-1787 ) was one occasion that performed the coming up short of the cardinal specialists. At the point when debitors were despondently, a considerable lot of them sought the experts for help. In Massachusetts, when resolution law rejected lightening, Daniel Shays drove furnished work powers to scare the councils from proceeding with abandonments. ( Caughey p. 126 ) The guerillas waited for around a half year before being overwhelmed by the area holds. Recognizing that the dissidents may hold had just purpose, the administrative get together absolved everything except the pioneers, yet accordingly extending pardon to Shays himself. ( Caughey p.127 ) . As Shays resistance was get bringing down, five areas sent agents to Annapolis, Maryland, to look for and build up a minimal on interstate corporate greed. Recognizing the activity was mind boggling, these agents required a show to give more extensive thought to the activity. In May 1787, delegates picked by 12 ter ritories met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and began crafted by reconsidering the Articles of Confederation. ( Caughey p. 127 ) . The agents of the Constitutional Convention were work powers like George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay, and Benjamin Franklin. The offices by which the points could be accomplished was vivacious. ( Grolier Electronic Publishing 2 ) . The task that united these work powers was to patch the deformities of the Articles of Confederation, especially the deficiency of the cardinal specialists. How it ought to be fortified and by how much, and what might be adequate to the territories. Issues like how to choose the president were discussed. Others like the connections of the specialists to the individuals and those between the regions. Through the incredible by means of media, the little territories were given equivalent portrayal with the large regions in the Senate, however individuals from the House of Representatives were chosen by the regions blending to populace. The designers gave a definitive control of the specialists by the individuals through the discret ionary method. The congresspersons were picked by territory authoritative congregations and the manage National Trust by the Electoral College. State Legislature controlled the selection of legislators, presidential voters, and seats in the area administrative get together. Governing body was won in mainstream races, and it was accepted that the populace would at long last hold an outcome on the picking of congresspersons and presidents. The composers felt that the mainstream mass must be spoken to in the government administrative get together, yet close to felt that non all the force be given to them. Thusly, they affirmed an understanding by which one place of the authoritative gathering spoke to mass will and another house administration as a beware of the that house. Issues to be settled by this fellowship of the designers were: the basic barrier of the individuals, the sparing of open harmony, security against outer assaults, mandate of corporate greed between the areas and with different states. ( Grolier Electronic Publishing 3 ) . The particular forces of the president were recognized in Article II, regions 2 and 3. The president has the ability to debase any measure that Congress may experience. The part of the authoritative gathering approval is to appoint Torahs, and to arrange guidelines that control society, while the president is liable for the executing of the Torahs. Presidential force was restricted by holding just a four twelvemonth term. ( Grolier Electronic Publishing 3 ) . Legal force as such was comprehended by the designers to mean the ability to make up ones psyche examples and disputes. The principal law composers did non want the intensity of specialists to be constrained by one individual, with the goal that they accommodated a detachment of intensity and an arrangement of governing rules. Alexander Hamilton required all territories to guide representatives to Philadelphia to run into in May 1787. George Washington was picked as the directing official. The key law was encircled by 55 agents from 12 of the 13 regions, as Rhode Island did non name delegates. Another of import designer was Benjamin Franklin, a senior part delegate who was liable for proposing the Electoral College, the way where the president was to be chosen. James Madison was one of the most dynamic composers of the crucial law, a pioneer who was to be known as the Father of the Constitution. He was a Southerner, slave owner from Virginia, instructed in New Jersey. ( Robinson p. 209 ) . Also, another composer was George Mason, from Virginia, who was significantly pained about the issue of servitude. Bricklayer was the author of the Virginia Seminal Bill of Rights, which started with the averment that all work powers are obviously equivalent. This called the going to of the representatives to the tendenc y of subjugation to debilitate the state s safeguard against remote foes. ( Robinson p. 211 ) . It was the desire of the designers to build a solid and stable specialists. They other than anticipated the specialists to sort out the intensity of the three developments of specialists, the Executive, Legislative and Judicial Branches. On September 17, 1787, George Washington, President of the Federal Convention, sent the finished crucial law to the Congress of the Confederation, squeezing brief affirmation. The affirmation of the key law would be a bet for everybody. Much would rely upon the disposition with which the congresswomans and the representatives to marking shows moved toward their endeavor. One particular note to the affirmation technique was the lack of dispute stirred by the understandings in the key law affecting subjugation. ( Robinson pp. 234-235 ) . Massachusetts was the primary territory to keep full graduated table contentions on the issues in question. Issues talked about were far reaching jury arraignment and how it would be required before a test for significant offenses. Congress would non hold the ability to set up business restraining infrastructures, and forces non relegated to the specialists were saved for the territories. Massachusetts approved the basic law on January 9, 1788 by a tight bor

Changes to Womens Rights Since 1945

Women’s rights have changed essentially after 1945 as thoughts that show ladies are sub-par compared to men were being abrogated to make a progressively equivalent society. Work, legislative issues and social change were factors that have been adjusted. Without these changes, Australia would in any case be a sex †isolated society with defended thoughts that a women’s place is in the home. Before 1945, women’s rights were constrained in territories of business, legislative issues and social change. Ladies were relied upon to be housewives who were not qualified for a similar pay as men since society had a revered thought that men sufficiently required to help a spouse and children.Also, ladies had restricted chances to voice their interests and interests openly puts and endured against damaging family circumstances. This started to change when women's activists began to libber against these imbalances. Work before 1945 indicated numerous disparities among peo ple because of contrasts in wage and unjustifiable rights. The Equal Pay Case of 1972 was an occasion that started during the 70’s because of imbalances of wages among people. The Whitlam government presented the lowest pay permitted by law for the two sexes as a beginning for equity in the workplace.Another thing the Whitlam Government presented was free tertiary training for all ladies permitting social versatility. This opened ways to a more extensive scope of employments like medication, nursing, or law and allowed ladies to be autonomous. The Anti Discrimination Act of 1985 was a law made to restrict segregation dependent on sexual orientation or pregnancy for everybody from managers to colleagues or in open territories. In spite of the fact that the equivalent compensation case was not a total achievement, presenting the lowest pay permitted by law, free tertiary instruction and the counter separation act was a significant accomplishment in changing women’s right s.Women had restricted voices to talk about issues of equity in governmental issues. This changed when women's activists, for example, Germaine Greer composed and urged ladies to be politically dynamic. The Women’s Electoral Lobby (WEL) was shaped in 1972, which upheld for childcare and maternity leave. In 1975, the Whitlam Government chose a women’s delegate Elizabeth Reid for address women’s rights in the political field. Legislative issues has changed gigantically since 1945 as ladies government officials began to energize for women’s rights. Social change was a significant change in women’s rights from 1945 as various thoughts and perspectives were being voiced to constrain change.In 1961, the presentation of the Birth Control Pill was a significant occasion that influenced many common laborers ladies. This pill allowed ladies to assume responsibility for their own body and lives as they would now be able to move into the workforce without the issues of leaving because of conceiving an offspring. Likewise, the new laws like the No Fault Divorce of 1975 and the changing of the assault laws in 1981 helped ladies get away from harsh connections and denied men from separating from their companion for reasons unknown. The presentation of the pill and new laws gave ladies more control and security to ladies and this was a significant change in women’s rights from 1945.

Oodles Of Doodles

Oodles Of Doodles Happy New Year, lovely folks of the internet! Kids round these parts are back at school today I dropped my brother off at school this morning, meaning I woke up at 7:15 (the horror!). The house is empty and I have a cold so that means it is the perfect time TO BLOG. In honor of Whoa 2010, way to peace out so fast like that here are some doodles from last semester that I never got around to posting. From 6.00 (Introduction to Programming), taught by the epic Prof. John Guttag: Turns out I still loved the class even at the end of the semester, even when I was spending 10-15 (count em 10-15!) hours on p-sets (I am a n00b. But still!). The professor was super â€" so super. I have to admit, though, that class lectures focused more on conceptual things and “thinking like a programmer,” which â€" while interesting â€" werent as helpful when it came to doing p-sets. Luckily I had a really good recitation instructor who focused more on the practical stuff (syntax, example programs, etc.). Plus, every time I went to class, I always sang Guttag was a man, he was a programming man, or maybe he was just a program, but he was still GUTTAAGGGG! to myself, a la Strongbad/Homestarrunner (is that still a popular thing? Am I just embarrassing myself at this point?) ANYWAY to the drawings! Since the last time I checked in We learned about hashing, and how its a trade-off of space and time (meaning that you can make things run faster if you just take up a little more space in your program): Then we did this: (Side note: Prof. Guttag was one of the most amusing teachers Ive ever had. Ever.) Then we learned about simulations, randomness and statistics: Wise words o wisdom from Good Ol Guttag: We spent a whole class learning about simulating stochastic processes using the example of a drunk student stumbling around in an open field (our p-set for that week was simulating Roomba robot vacuums and it was a pain in the rear): 7.03 (Genetics): You all have heard enough about this class. It was the bomb-dot-com. Fun story, though: This was from when we were learning about weird gene silencing. In normal flowers, there are about 6 stamen (the yellow pokey parts). Researchers found mutants that had a ton of stamen, and since the stamen are the male parts, they named the gene that controlled stamen regulation the Superman gene. They decided that the normal allele was going to be called Clark Kent, but when they checked the Clark Kent allele of the mutant, they saw that there was no mutation! What was going on, then? They realized that when the DNA becomes methylated, the Superman gene is turned off, leading to the mutant flowers. When Superman is on, the flowers are normal, when its off, the flowers are mutants (I know, its backwards, but I guess they didnt realize itd be like that until they found out what was really going on in the mutants). Then they found a suppressor gene that could turn the Superman gene back on (turn the mutants back to normal flowers), so they named that gene Kryptonite. How nerdtastic is that? Oh, and this was from my last video: (I still want it on a shirt.) Happy second semester, everyone! Good luck with applications if youve still got them (but hey, at least your MIT one is done)!

The Epic Of The Odyssey - 1694 Words

The Odyssey is a epic Greek poem written by the poet Homer. The poem takes place after the ten year Trojan war, and the main hero of the poem is the war hero Odyssey, King of Ithaca, and his long, perilous journey home to his wife and son. The poem takes place ten years after the Trojan war, and Odysseus hasn’t returned home from the war where he had successfully fought. Odysseus son Telemachus is a bright, brave, 20 years old who is living in his father s house on the island of Ithaca with his mother Penelope and a crowd of 108 young men, the Suitors, whose goal is to persuade Penelope to marry one of them. A main character in the poem is the goddess Athena, who plays the role of Odysseus’s guide and protector. She requests to†¦show more content†¦Penelope overhears their plot and worries for her son s life. The second part of the poem tells the story of Odysseus. After he has spent seven years in captivity on Ogygia, the island of Calypso, she falls in love with him, even though he has spurned her advances. Calypso is finally convinced to release him by Odysseus great-grandfather, the messenger god Hermes, who has been sent by Zeus in response to Athena s plea. Odysseus crafts a raft and is given provisions by Calypso. When Poseidon learns that Odysseus has escaped, he wrecks the ship, but, aided by a veil given to him by a sea nymph, Odysseus swims to shore to the island of the Phaeacians. Tired and exhausted, he hides and falls asleep. The next morning, awakened by the laughter of girls, he sees Nausicaa, who has gone with her maids to wash clothes after Athena told her in a dream to do so. He asks her for help. She tells him to seek the hospitality of her parents, Arete and Alcinous. Odysseus is welcomed and is not asked his name. He remains for several days, takes part in a pentathlon, and hears the singer Demodocus recite two poems. The first is an incident of the Trojan War, called the Quarrel of Odysseus and Achilles; the other poem is a tale of a love affair between two gods, Ares and Aphrodite. Finally, Odysseus asks Demodocus to return to theShow MoreRelatedThe Epic Of The Odyssey Essay942 Words   |  4 Pageswith adversity in order to get there. However, compared to Odysseus in The Odyssey, who is strong, but untrusting, we will soon see that Sunjata is not only a man but a hero. In both texts we see each man adored by many and even compar ed to Gods like Odysseus in The Odyssey. However, when we break down the words of each epic we are faced to confront the truths of what a hero really is. This claim explains why The Odyssey expresses a false sense of heroism whereas Sunjata gives the audience and exampleRead MoreThe Epic Of The Odyssey1192 Words   |  5 Pagescrisis; I personally wait and panic around 5:30 in the evening. Nonetheless, the question in figuring out one’s own identity has plagued humanity from the beginning of time and continues to affect even the culture of today. Found in the Greek epic The Odyssey, the title character’s son Telemachus confronts a multitude of outside difficulties, which in turn progresses his journey to find himself. In extension, more recent works including â€Å"Living with Integrity†, an essay by Bob Barret, encapsulatesRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Odyssey1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh and the Odysseus both are poems that have si nce early times been viewed as stories that teach the reader valuable life lessons, almost like a self-help book in today’s society. They both teach a lot of the same general lessons but there are some key similarities and differences throughout both works. Such as perseverance, and the inevitability of death are both lessons that are taught in each poem but they are presented to the reader through different interpretations. In theRead MoreEssay An Epic Odyssey1544 Words   |  7 PagesThe stories of epic heroes remain important to many cultures, the Greeks in particular. These tales of heroic men not only entertain, but they teach people about morals and values that most epic heroes exemplify, such as intelligence and bravery. To be an epic hero, characters are usually highly born, favored by the gods, perform great deeds, and have flaws. These tales are told in heightened style and occur in grand settings. Odysseus, the King of Ithaca, meets these traits and is considered a primeRead MoreThe Odyssey And The Epic Of Gilgamesh Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesWhen it comes to the realm of epic poetry, and hero-like characters in literature, the two works The Odyssey and the Epic of Gilgamesh can be compared and contrasted in different ways. The Odyssey and the Epic of Gilgamesh can be compared as expressions of searches for the meaning of life through knowledge. The two stories are somewhat mirrors in this manner. Throughout each story, the characters Odysseus and Gilgamesh show growth and change. The Odyssey can be summed up by stating how the greatRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Odyssey Essay790 Words   |  4 Pagesadventures taken by characters as a tool to exhibit the alteration of the character’s nature. Examples of such can be found in The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey. The journeys undertaken in The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey were transformative experiences for the characters in each and provided valuable cultural insights to the audience. At the start of The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh is the arrogant ruler of the city Uruk. He is obsessed with immortality, which can be seen in the descriptionRead MoreThe Odyssey An Epic Poem1418 Words   |  6 PagesThe Odyssey an epic poem that has stood the test of time as history is made. Homer made a story as raptured almost everyone who reads it. Even the most trivial characters seem to serve some important role later in the epic poem. Yet it seems that the meaning of this great piece of fiction changes with the changing desires of society. Yet one thing that Homer puts in every corner of the book stays the same with the test of time. The misfortune that hangs like the sword of Damocles over each characters’Read MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Odyssey1487 Words   |  6 Pagessecrets and mysterious unknowns. It is because water can mean so many different things that it used so much to symbolize important things in literary pieces. In both the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Odyssey, water is used as a symbol that represents complex ideas, and it plays a significant role throughout both literary pieces. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, water is mainly used to symbolize life and death as well as rebirth or baptism. In several of Gilgamesh’s dreams water is used as a symbol that representsRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Odyssey1765 Words   |  8 Pagesand how their values have been passed down and evolved over time. The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey are both considerable representations of not only their unique cultures that set the very foundation of both civilization and storytelling, but also for their similar and different aspects of what they considered to be a hero. The most familiar structure to mythological stories such as the Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey is that of a â€Å"tragic plot†. A tragic plot is a perfect plot that is connectedRead MoreThe Epic Poem The Odyssey 1459 Words   |  6 PagesHospitality has been around and important to cultures for almost forever. In the epic poem The Odyssey by Homer, there are many themes, but the theme of hospitality reoccurs throughout the entire epic. This epic takes place in Ancient Greece after the Trojan War. The main character, Odysseus, is on a journey back home to Ithaca after being away for ten years. Along the way, he must make stops and stays in the homes of the different people during his journey. The individuals that are hosting the stranger

What You Can Do About Gates Essay Samples Beginning in the Next 3 Minutes

What You Can Do About Gates Essay Samples Beginning in the Next 3 Minutes The Do's and Don'ts of Gates Essay Samples Most men and women discover that it's difficult to distinguish. Some of the absolute most essential things in life may not be purchased with money, like, friendship, love, knowledge, honestly, spirituality. Someone who uses their power and wealth is something which I find remarkably wonderful. It is going to be your passport into a new, mediated means of life. Gates was an excellent small business man and had the capability to spot the upcoming upcoming products. With his programming skills, competitive small business practices, and capacity to spot innovative products, Bill Gates has become the richest person on the planet for twelve decades straight. In conclusion, he was not born rich. To begin with, he has made numerous donations to various charities throughout his career. It's helpful to earn a comprehensive of all these things before you get started wr iting your essays so you don't forget anything important. From an easy paper cutting to the growth of a nation, everything ought to be accomplished perfectly. Ideally, it ought to be something you take part in on a weekly basis. Some students find lots of difficulty writing the essay, even if they can locate strong points. Vital Pieces of Gates Essay Samples Everybody can make decision however, not everybody can make right choice. For example, there aren't only normal kids but in addition disable kids join the activities. His teachers and parents were worried due to his behavior and Bill began to pay a visit to the psychiatrist. The parents might not be in a position to supply the financial and emotional support to the kid. The Bizarre Secret of Gates Essay Samples Lest one loves the work he's doing, perfection won't ever come by. The application period is currently over. Your entire scholarship amount will also be dependent on the length of time you're in a position to r enew the scholarship. The organization necessary to procure in more programming individuals and develop a complete product offering. Both started their careers almost at precisely the same time and within the very same industry. The output isn't the very same as input. Evidently, evidence of an applicant's capability to have this kind of impact results in a more favorable outcome. This man had a wonderful career, and he's a true millionaire, he's well worth talking about, and we have what things to learn from him. They have an extremely clear vision of what is occuring around the world and how it is able to affect them. He belongs to one of the wealthiest people on the planet. It is sensible to assume he is among the most recognizable people within the world. Understanding Gates Essay Samples For instance, Microsoft's products enable businesses to run productively. Gates has since improved on his software system which is now used all around the world. This gave him the chance to build Microsoft. He was a cofounder of Microsoft which is the strongest software business in the world. Facts, Fiction and Gates Essay Samples Additionally, with a visionary leadership, an organization can easily manage its employees so they can remain concentrate on the purpose and the aims of the organization. The foundation was involved in a number of the charitable pursuits like helping the underprivileged in the society. Currently this is only one of the best charity foundations on earth! But this phenomenon has serious repercussions for people and societies. The Nuiances of Gates Essay Samples Bill Gates is a good man in our society. He also wasn't afraid to take risks. Together Bill and Melinda bring various features of leadership qualities to the organization so they can run a prosperous foundation. Bill and Melinda are passionate philanthropists who wish to inspire other people to do good work in the fields of human equality. Who Else Wants to Learn About Gates Essay Samples? After the world was ignorant concerning the value of computers he was the sole one who wrote software codes. So firstly they planned to find money to begin their own firm. The PC market has developed in the previous decades. Bill was without computer for the entire summer. Here's What I Know About Gates Essay Samples However, it's to be noted that there are not a lot of students who find themselves in this kind of situation. With this implementation of uniforms, students don't need to be worried about attempting to outshine different students in dressing. Such students don't get enough stimulation from college, as a college education was made to revolve around the entire group instead of only the individual, thus, they frequently feel that the pace of the curriculum is slower than they'd prefer. 4 percent of the typical stock. After the mother's or child's life is in danger. Each year, for instance, millions of individuals die from diseases tha t are simple to check or treat in the developed world. According to him, the very best way of approaching the problem of poor health is by way of education instead of providing them with cheap medication. What's more, some kids do not comply with the rule.

My Favorite Place Free Essays

Everyone has their own one special place, a place where you can be you, where you can find peace and harmony. A place where you feel happy and comfortable being there. For some it’s a quiet place, for others it might be a hustling, bustling, full of people and movement place. We will write a custom essay sample on My Favorite Place or any similar topic only for you Order Now But all of these places have one thing in common, they are places where you’d run into times of both joy and misery. This place for me is my bedroom. It’s a clam and cool place were I could do anything. When you walk in to my room you see bright green walls and blue curtains. These are my favorite colors and make my room that much better. A 32-inch TV that is black and that I use a lot. My bed usually not made and messy is blue and grey and you just want to jump into it. Next to my bed is my light brown desk. This where I do my homework, eat, and use the computer. Then, there is my dark brown soft chair. You can smell the leather chair, the fresh new bed sheets. You can even sometimes smell last nights dinner. The refreshing smell of my colon. All these smell combine to create a calm and cool environment for me that I love. As soon as I walk in I can taste peace and quietness. I am just relaxed and it’s the best place to be after a stressful day. I can just turn on the TV and lay on my bed and all that stress goes away. The soft mattress helps a lot with releasing all the stress. These are the things that make my room my favorite place ever. The feeling of relaxation and calmness comes over me as soon as I walk into my room. I can feel the softness in the bed and pillow. It feels as if I am lying on a soft fluffy cloud. There is nothing going through my mind, just the thought of peace and happiness. The sound of peace and quite are the best sounds in my room. There is also the sound of the TV when its on and the sound of the board under the bed when you sit on it. Most importantly it is an relaxing feeling in my room and it is my favorite place. My bedroom is my favorite place because I can do anything there and it relaxes me. Everything about it is wonderful and I love it. I can relax in there when I’m tired and it make my day a lot better. My bedroom is the best place ever! How to cite My Favorite Place, Essay examples

Why I Will Never Be A Doctor free essay sample

Why I Will Never Be a Doctor by Z. O., New City, NY If there is such a phenomenon as reincarnation, I undoubtedly would have been a medic in some bloody war in a past life. Each day I would have encountered amputated limbs, innards strewn across the battleground and infected wounds. Otherwise, how can I explain my mortal fear of blood? Witnessing the horror of bloody pasts must have chemically altered my mind and body; today, when I hear people talking about blood, I faint. My first fainting incident interrupted my cousin Davids bar-mitzvah. As the ark was opening, my mom pointed to Uncle Jeff and whispered, Hes a doctor who works with hemophiliacs. Whats a hemophiliac? I asked. Someone who cant stop bleeding, she replied bluntly. Suddenly my stomach disappeared, my head felt like Hurricane Georges and I fell back into my seat. Three of my relatives jumped over rows of chairs to revive me. We will write a custom essay sample on Why I Will Never Be A Doctor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My relatives now come to family events with smelling salts, stretchers and ice packs, both as ridicule and precaution. I used to think this was a petty fear. But after I fainted when reading a passage about arteries during the SSATs, I realized its a full-blown phobia. When I returned home after the test, I told my father I didnt finish. He said, Zach, dont worry. Lots of kids dont answer all the questions. And I replied, No, Dad, I fainted in the middle and had to come home early. He laughed and asked, Youre kidding, right? The embarrassment and shame I felt at that moment was somewhere between eating alone in the lunch room and getting your pants pulled down at recess. Its not as if I am acquiescing to this phobia. I have seriously tried to eliminate it. One time, when the doctor was giving me a shot, I clutched my moms hand and thought about Disneyland. If the warmth of a mothers hand, coupled with visions of Goofy cant repress fear, nothing can. But, as the doctor placed the needle in my arm, my face turned as white as the first tissue pulled from a box. When it comes to blood, I will always be a wimp. Thankfully, I do not feel pressure to be the proverbial macho man. I have no qualms accepting help during one of my attacks. One time, during a gory part of a movie, my girlfriend left the theater to bring me soda because I felt faint. Now, she feels an instinctual urge to cover my eyes during every gory scene we watch. Seven years of embarrassment, weakness and debilitating fear have strengthened me to the point where I can listen to a brief conversation about blood without feeling faint. I have calculated that at this rate I will stop fearing blood on the 40th birthday of my next lifetime. The party will be held at Disneyland. Ill be the guy clutching an older womans hand.

Wasteland - Rios Garbage Pickers essays

Wasteland - Rios Garbage Pickers essays Vik Munz wanted to change the lives of humans. To help them out and made their lives better. He was an artist that made millions by his pictures that he made out of all kinds of materials. In the movie Wasteland it shows how Vik tried to help these people that wanted help. Making them believe that they could have something better in their lifes and can do whatever they want if they believe in themselves. He wanted to create pictures of them out of garbage and sell them to give the money to these people so they could have better lives. Vik went to Rio, Jardim Gramacho the biggest landfill in Rio that brought seven tons of garbage to it daily. The reason he went there was to change the lives of the people that were working in the garbage, known as pickers. They would go through the garbage that was dumped and pick out the recyclable materials. Vik watched this for a day before he found Isis, Zumbia, Tio, Irma, Magna, and Suelem. He took these six people and got their story of why they became pickers at the wasteland. Viks story can relate to the poor pickers because he grew up in the poorer area of Rio. The only reason he got out was because he was shot by a rich drug dealer; while trying to break up fight, the rich drug dealer gave him money and he took it and moved to the United States. He grew up with nothing but had everything he needed to be happy and survive. Vik started making art out of materials that had the same concepts of the picture. He became rich from making and selling his pictures. Vik heard about the wasteland from his friend Fabio. Vik decided to go over to Rio and try and help the pickers. Show them that life isnt bad and they can do better for themselves. At first Vik said that the people he will be helping the roughest people, drug addicts, end of the line people that are no different than the garbage. This being a classism statement it soon changed after arriving t...

How to Make Silver Polishing Dip

How to Make Silver Polishing Dip As silver oxidizes, it will tarnish. This layer of oxidation can be removed without polishing and scrubbing by simply dipping your silver in this non-toxic electrochemical dip. Another big advantage to using a dip is that the liquid can reach places a polishing cloth cannot. This is an easy experiment and takes mere minutes! Silver Polish Ingredients Sink or glass panHot waterBaking sodaSaltAluminum foilTarnished silver How to Remove Silver Tarnish Line the bottom of the sink or a glass baking dish with a sheet of aluminum foil.Fill the foil-lined container with steaming hot water.Add salt (sodium chloride) and baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) to the water. Some recipes call for 2 teaspoons of baking soda and 1 teaspoon of salt, whereas others call for 2 tablespoons each of baking soda and salt. No need to measure the amounts - just add a bit of each substance.Drop the silver items into the container so they are touching each other and resting on the foil. You will be able to watch the tarnish disappear.Leave heavily tarnished items in the solution for as long as 5 minutes. Otherwise, remove the silver when it appears clean.Rinse the silver with water and gently buff it dry with a soft towel.Ideally, you should store your silver in a low-humidity environment. You can place a container of activated charcoal or a piece of chalk in the storage area to minimize future tarnish. Tips for Success Use care when polishing or dipping silver plated items. It is easy to wear away the thin layer of silver and cause more harm than good through over-cleaning.Minimize exposing your silver to substances that contain sulfur (e.g., mayonnaise, eggs, mustard, onions, latex, wool) because the sulfur will cause corrosion.Using your silver flatware/holloware or wearing silver jewelry helps to keep it free from tarnish.

Discussion questions for the week Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion questions for the week - Essay Example A type-II is a direct opposite where the researcher may totally miss out on a possible impacting result or hypothesis and eventually says that there were no critical results. The example of type II error is just the converse of previous example where the result turns out to be negative for a disease but actually the patient does possess it. Many of the time, these types of errors occur because of incorrect methods followed in a research, like incorrect number of sample data being tested etc. Because of the impact produced by these errors which sometimes may result catastrophically, there should be immense attention placed on such predictions to prevent both false positive and false negative results. (Type I and Type II errors, 2004) Statistical significance and practical significance are although based out of data, they have completely different interpretations. Statistical significance provides a relationship between data which may be significant statistically but does not count in as useful way, practically. However, practical significance, as the name indicates, provides a meaningful relationship between the data which may go on to help in identifying or stating a hypothesis. For example, if we consider the number of educated people in a state over a period of time and if it results in such a way that on mean, 60 people are educated out of 100 in one state and 61 people are educated out of 100 in another state. Statistically it provides a lot of difference between two sets of data but on the other hand, there is no significance associated with it practically. (McIntyre,

Researching Consumer Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Researching Consumer Behavior - Essay Example Consumer behavior research has found out that with people broadening their minds and the urge for doing something different from the rest of the people around them, have let to something termed as clothing optional cruise. Consumer enjoys fun and love to experience new things in their life. Freedom is one of the important aspects which have given rise to this research. The clothing optional cruises allow a member to experience freedom oh seas. These cruises are open to adults so they can strip away the stress of their life when on the cruise and experience something different. Consumer behavior aims to research on the issues that a consumer might face along with the ongoing trends. The main issue prevailing is stress and to avoid the stress people might go to any extend they want. People go for vacations, hangout with their love ones and so on. Freedom is one thing that was missing in the lives of the people and the future trend of enjoying life gave rise to the idea of offering clot hing optional cruises. The most viable data that might be founded out that people do love when the marketers offer something new and different to the audience. People are actually bored of their daily routine so something new and existing would definitely arouse interest on the target audience. Clothing optional cruises have been popular since the 1970s but at recent times it has received a huge popularity. Because of the popularity of such an offering and since it has been accepted by the audience many companies have started to offer voyage on clothing optional. The strategies adopted by marketer were just to offer something that would be a medium of enjoyment for the people. There were already cruises and people were traveling on them but clothing optional cruises did excite the people and thus became a huge success. The cruises offer all the facilities and mostly sail to sunny locations such as Caribbean, Germany, and France where people could enjoy. Seeing people acceptance and

A horseshoe magnet

A horseshoe magnet A-1 Horseshoe magnet red silver iron A horseshoe magnet (A-1) has a north and south pole. If a piece of carbon steel contacts both poles, a magnetic circuit is created. In an electromagnetic brake, the north and south pole is created by a coil shell and a wound coil. In a brake, the armature is being pulled against the brake field. (A-3) The frictional contact, which is being controlled by the strength of the magnetic field, is what causes the rotational motion to stop. All of the torque comes from the magnetic attraction and coefficient of friction between the steel of the armature and the steel of the brake field. For many industrial brakes, friction material is used between the poles. The material is mainly used to help decrease the wear rate. But different types of material can also be used to change the coefficient of friction (torque) for special applications. For example, if the brake was required to have an extended time to stop or slip time, a low coefficient material can be used. Conversely, if the brake was r equired to have a slightly higher torque (mostly for low RPM applications), a high coefficient friction material could be used.[1] In a brake, the electromagnetic lines of flux have to attract and pull the armature in contact with it to complete brake engagement. Most industrial applications use what is called a single-flux two-pole brake. The coil shell is made with carbon steel that has a combination of good strength and good magnetic properties. Copper (sometimes aluminum) magnet wire, is used to create the coil, which is held in shell either by a bobbin or by some type of epoxy/adhesive.[2] To help increase life in applications, friction material is used between the poles. This friction material is flush with the steel on the coil shell, since if the friction material was not flush, good magnetic traction could not occur between the faces. Some people look at electromagnetic brakes and mistakenly assume that, since the friction material is flush with the steel, that the brake has already worn down, but this is not the case.[3] [edit] Basic Operation There are three parts to an electrmagnetic brake: field, armature, and hub (which is the input on a brake) (B-2). Usually the magnetic field is bolted to the machine frame (or uses a torque arm that can handle the torque of the brake). So when the armature is attracted to the field the stopping torque is transferred into the field housing and into the machine frame decelerating the load. This can happen very fast (.1-3sec). Disengagement is very simple. Once the field starts to degrade flux falls rapidly and the armature separates. A spring(s) hold the armature away from its corresponding contact surface at a predetermined air gap.[4] V-1 Right hand thumb rule If a piece of copper wire was wound, around the nail and then connected to a battery, it would create an electro magnet. The magnetic field that is generated in the wire, from the current, is known as the right hand thumb rule. (V-1) The strength of the magnetic field can be changed by changing both wire size and the amount of wire (turns). EM clutches are similar; they use a copper wire coil (sometimes aluminum) to create a magnetic field. The fields of EM brakes can be made to operate at almost any DC voltage and the torque produced by the brake will be the same as long as the correct operating voltage and current is used with the correct brake. If a 90 volt brake had 48 volts applied to it, this would get about half of the correct torque output of that brake. This is because voltage/current is almost linear to torque in DC electromagnetic brakes. A constant current power supply is ideal for accurate and maximum torque from a brake. If a non regulated power supply is used the magnetic flux will degrade as the resistance of the coil goes up. Basically, the hotter the coil gets the lower the torque will be produced by about an average of 8% for every 20Â °C. If the temperature is fairly constant, and there is a question of enough service factor in the design for minor temperature fluctuation, by slightly over sizing the brake can compensate for degradation. This will allow the use of a rectified power supply, which is far less expensive than a constant current supply. Based on V = I R, as resistance increases available current falls. An increase in resistance, often results from rising temperature as the coil heats up, according to: Rf = Ri [1 + aCu (Tf Ti)] Where Rf = final resistance, Ri = initial resistance, aCu = copper wires temperature coefficient of resistance, 0.0039 Â °C-1, Tf = final temperature, and Ti = initial temperature. [edit] Engagement Time There are actually two engagement times to consider in an electromagnetic brake. The first one is the time it takes for a coil to develop a magnetic field, strong enough to pull in an armature. Within this, there are two factors to consider. The first one is the amount of ampere turns in a coil, which will determine the strength of a magnetic field. The second one is air gap, which is the space between the armature and the coil shell. Magnetic lines of flux diminish quickly in the air. The further away the attractive piece is from the coil, the longer it will take for that piece to actually develop enough magnetic force to be attracted and pull in to overcome the air gap. For very high cycle applications, floating armatures can be used that rest lightly against the coil shell. In this case, the air gap is zero; but, more importantly the response time is very consistent since there is no air gap to overcome. Air gap is an important consideration especially with a fixed armature design because as the unit wears over many cycles of engagement the armature and the coil shell will create a larger air gap which will change the engagement time of the brakes. In high cycle applications, where registration is important, even the difference of 10 to 15 milliseconds can make a difference, in registration of a machine. Even in a normal cycle application, this is important because a new machine that has accurate timing can eventually see a drift in its accuracy as the machine gets older. The second factor in figuring out response time of a brake is actually much more important than the magnet wire or the air gap. It involves calculating the amount of inertia that the brake needs to decelerate. This is referred to as time to stop. In reality, this is what the end-user is most concerned with. Once it is known how much inertia is present for the brake to stop then the torque can be calculated and the appropriate size of brake can be chosen. Most CAD systems can automatically calculate component inertia, but the key to sizing a brake is calculating how much inertial is reflected back to the brake. To do this, engineers use the formula: T = (WK2 ?N) / (308 t) Where T = required torque in lb-ft, WK2 = total inertia in lb-ft2, ?N = change in the rotational speed in rpm, and t = time during which the acceleration or deceleration must take place. Inertia Calculator There are also online sites that can help confirm how much torque is required to decelerate a given amount of inertia over a specific time. Remember to make sure that the torque chosen, for the brake, should be after the brake has been burnished. [edit] Burnishing What Is It and Why Is It Important? Burnishing is the wearing or mating of opposing surfaces. When the armature and brake faces are produced, the faces are machined as flat as possible. (Some manufacturers also lightly grind the faces to get them smoother.) But even with that the machining process leaves peaks and valleys on the surface of the steel. When a new out of the box brake is initially engaged most peaks on both mating surfaces touch which means that the potential contact area can be significantly reduced. In some cases, an out of box brake may have only 50% of its torque rating. Burnishing is the process of cycling the brake to wear down those initial peaks, so that there is more surface contact between the mating faces Even though burnishing is required to get full torque out of the brake it may not be required in all applications. Simply put, if the application torque is lower than the initial out of box torque of the brake, burnishing would not be required; however, if the torque required is higher, then burnishing needs to be done. In general this tends to be required more on higher torque brakes than on smaller lower torque brakes. The process involves cycling the brake a number of times at a lower inertia, lower speed or a combination of both. Burnishing can require from 20 to over 100 cycles depending upon the size of a brake and the amount of initial torque required. For bearing mounted brakes where the rotor and armature is connected and held in place via a bearing, burnishing does not have to take place on the machine. It can be done individually on a bench or as a group at a burnishing station. Two piece brakes that have separate armatures should try to have the burnishing done on the machine verses a bench. The reason for this is if burnishing on a two piece brake is done on a bench and there is a shift in the mounting tolerance when that brake is mounted to the machine the alignment could be shifted so the burnishing lines on the armature, rotor or brake face may be off slightly preventing that brake from achieving full torque. Again, the difference is only slight so this would only be required in a ver y torque sensitive application. [edit] Torque Burnishing can affect initial torque of a brake but there are also factors that affect the torque performance of a brake in an application. The main one is voltage/current. In the voltage/current section we showed why a constant current supply is important to get full torque out of the brake. When considering torque, the question of using dynamic or static torque for the application is key? For example, if running a machine at relatively low rpm (5 50 depending upon size) there is minimal concern with dynamic torque since the static torque rating of the brake will come closest to where it is running. However, when running a machine at 3,000rpm and applying the brake at its catalog torque, at that rpm, is misleading. Almost all manufacturers put the static rated torque for their brakes in their catalog. So, when trying to determine a specific response rate for a particular brake, the dynamic torque rating is needed. In many cases this can be significantly lower. It can be less than half of the static torque rating. Most manufacturers publish torque curves showing the relationship between dynamic and static torque for a given series of brake. Electromagnetic-Power-Off-Brake Over excitation is used to achieve a faster response time. Its when a coil momentarily receives a higher voltage then its nominal rating. To be effective the over excitation voltage must be significantly, but not to the point of diminishing returns, higher than the normal coil voltage. Three times the voltage typically gives around 1/3 faster response. Fifteen times the normal coil voltage will produce a 3 times faster response time. With over excitation the in rush voltage is momentary. Although it would depend upon the size of the coil the actual time is usually only a few milliseconds. The theory is, for the coil to generate as much of a magnetic field as quickly as possible to attract the armature and start the process of deceleration. Once the over excitation is no longer required the power supply to the brake would return to its normal operating voltage. This process can be repeated a number of times as long as the high voltage does not stay in the coil long enough to cause the coil wire to overheat. [edit] Wear It is very rare that a coil would just stop working in an electromagnetic brake. Typically if a coil fails it is usually due to heat which has caused the insulation of the coil wire to break down. That heat can be caused by high ambient temperature, high cycle rates, slipping or applying too high of a voltage. Most brakes are flanged mounted and have bearings but some brakes are bearing mounted and like the coils, unless bearings are stressed beyond their physical limitations or become contaminated, they tend to have a long life and they are usually the second item to wear out. The main wear in electromagnetic brakes occurs on the faces of the mating surfaces. Every time a brake is engaged during rotation a certain amount of energy is transferred as heat. The transfer, which occurs during rotation, wears both the armature and the opposing contact surface. Based upon the size of the brake, the speed and the inertia, wear rates will differ. With a fixed armature design a brake will eventually simply cease to engage. This is because the air gap will eventually become too large for the magnetic field to overcome. Zero gap or auto wear armatures can wear to the point of less than one half of its original thickness, which will eventually cause missed engagements. [edit] Backlash Some applications require very tight precision between all components. In these applications even a degree of movement between the input and the output when a brake is engaged can be a problem. This is true in many robotic applications. Sometimes the design engineers will order brakes with zero backlash but then key them to the shafts so although the brake will have zero backlash theres still minimal movement occurring between the hub or rotor in the shaft. Most applications, however, do not need true zero backlash and can use a spline type connection. Some of these connections between the armature and the hub are standard splines others are hex or square hub designs. The spline will have the best initial backlash tolerance. Typically less than 2 degrees but the spline and the other connection types can wear over time and the tolerances will increase. [edit] Environment / Contamination As brakes wear they create wear particles. In some applications such as clean rooms or food handling this dust could be a contamination problem so in these applications the brake should be enclosed to prevent the particles from contaminating other surfaces around it. But a more likely scenario is that the brake has a better chance of getting contaminated from its environment. Obviously oil or grease should be kept away from the contact surface because they would significantly reduce the coefficient of friction which could drastically decrease the torque potentially causing failure. Oil midst or lubricated particles can also cause surface contamination. Sometimes paper dust or other contamination can fall in between the contact surfaces. This can also result in a lost of torque. If a known source of contamination is going to be present many clutch manufactures offer contamination shields that prevent material from falling in between the contact surfaces. In brakes that have not been used in a while rust can develop on the surfaces. But in general this is normally not a major concern since the rust is worn off within a few cycles and there is no lasting impact on the torque. [edit] Other Types of Electromagnetic Brakes Electormagnetic Power Off Brake Spring Set Introduction Power off brakes stop or hold a load when electrical power is either accidentally lost or intentionally disconnected. In the past, some companies have referred to these as fail safe brakes. These brakes are typically used on or near an electric motor. Typical applications include robotics, holding brakes for Z axis ball screws and servo motor brakes. Brakes are available in multiple voltages and can have either standard backlash or zero backlash hubs. Multiple disks can also be used to increase brake torque, without increasing brake diameter. There are 2 main types of holding brakes. The first is spring applied brakes. The second is permanent magnet brakes. How It Works Spring Type When no electricity is applied to the brake, a spring pushes against a pressure plate, squeezing the friction disk between the inner pressure plate and the outer cover plate. This frictional clamping force is transferred to the hub, which is mounted to a shaft. Permanent Magnet Type A permanent magnet holding brake looks very similar to a standard power applied electromagnetic brake. Instead of squeezing a friction disk, via springs, it uses permanent magnets to attract a single face armature. When the brake is engaged, the permanent magnets create magnetic lines of flux, which can turn attract the armature to the brake housing. To disengage the brake, power is applied to the coil which sets up an alternate magnetic field that cancels out the magnetic flux of the permanent magnets. Both power off brakes are considered to be engaged when no power is applied to them. They are typically required to hold or to stop alone in the event of a loss of power or when power is not available in a machine circuit. Permanent magnet brakes have a very high torque for their size, but also require a constant current control to offset the permanent magnetic field. Spring applied brakes do not require a constant current control, they can use a simple rectifier, but are larger in diameter or would need stacked friction disks to increase the torque. [edit] Electromagnetic Particle Brake Magnetic Particle Brake Introduction Magnetic particle brakes are unique in their design from other electro-mechanical brakes because of the wide operating torque range available. Like an electro-mechanical brake, torque to voltage is almost linear; however, in a magnetic particle brake, torque can be controlled very accurately (within the operating RPM range of the unit). This makes these units ideally suited for tension control applications, such as wire winding, foil, film, and tape tension control. Because of their fast response, they can also be used in high cycle applications, such as magnetic card readers, sorting machines and labeling equipment. How It Works Magnetic particles (very similar to iron filings) are located in the powder cavity. When electricity is applied to the coil, the resulting magnetic flux tries to bind the particles together, almost like a magnetic particle slush. As the electric current is increased, the binding of the particles becomes stronger. The brake rotor passes through these bound particles. The output of the housing is rigidly attached to some portion of the machine. As the particles start to bind together, a resistant force is created on the rotor, slowing, and eventually stopping the output shaft. When electricity is removed from the brake, the input is free to turn with the shaft. Since magnetic particle powder is in the cavity, all magnetic particle units have some type of minimum drag associated with them. [edit] Electromagnetic Hysteresis Power Brake Electomagnetic Hysteresis Power Brake Introduction Electrical hysteresis units have an extremely wide torque range. Since these units can be controlled remotely, they are ideal for test stand applications where varying torque is required. Since drag torque is minimal, these units offer the widest available torque range of any of the hysteresis products. Most applications involving powered hysteresis units are in test stand requirements. How It Works When electricity is applied to the field, it creates an internal magnetic flux. That flux is then transferred into a hysteresis disk passing through the field. The hysteresis disk is attached to the brake shaft. A magnetic drag on the hysteresis disk allows for a constant drag, or eventual stoppage of the output shaft. When electricity is removed from the brake, the hysteresis disk is free to turn, and no relative force is transmitted between either member. Therefore, the only torque seen between the input and the output is bearing drag. [edit] Multiple Disk Brakes Electromagnetic Multiple Disk Brake Introduction Multiple disk brakes are used to deliver extremely high torque within a small space. These brakes can be used either wet or dry, which makes them ideal to run in multi speed gear box applications, machine tool applications, or in off road equipment. How It Works Electro-mechanical disk brakes operate via electrical actuation, but transmit torque mechanically. When electricity is applied to the coil of an electromagnet, the magnetic flux attracts the armature to the face of the brake. As it does so, it squeezes the inner and outer friction disks together. The hub is normally mounted on the shaft that is rotating. The brake housing is mounted solidly to the machine frame. As the disks are squeezed, torque is transmitted from the hub into the machine frame, stopping and holding the shaft. When electricity is removed from the brake, the armature is free to turn with the shaft. Springs keep the friction disk and armature away from each other. There is no contact between breaking surfaces and minimal drag. Architecture of an Electromechanical Braking System General architecture of an electromechanical braking (EMB) system in a drive-by-wire car is shown in Fig. 1. The system mainly comprises five types of elements: Processors including an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) and other local processors Memory (mainly integrated into the ECU) Sensors Actuators Communication network(s). Once the driver inputs a brake command to the system via a human-machine interface HMI (e.g. the brake pedal), four independent brake commands are generated by the ECU based on high level brake functions such as anti-lock braking system (ABS) or vehicle stability control (VSC). These command signals are sent to the four electric calipers (e-calipers) via a communication network. As this network might not be able to properly communicate with the e-calipers due to network faults, HMI sensory data are also directly transmitted to each e-caliper via a separate data bus. In each e-caliper a controller uses the brake command (received from ECU) as a reference input. The controller provides drive control commands for a power control module. This module controls three phase drive currents for the brake actuator which is a permanent magnet DC motor, energised by 42V sources. In addition to tracking its reference brake command, the caliper controller also controls the position and speed of the brake actuator. Thus, two sensors are vitally required to measure the position and speed of the actuator in each e-caliper. Because of the safety critical nature of the application, even missing a limited number of samples of these sensory data should be compensated for. [edit] Voting A brake-by-wire system, by nature, is a safety critical system and therefore fault tolerance is a vitally important characteristic of this system. As a result, a brake-by-wire system is designed in such way that many of its essential information would be derived from a variety of sources (sensors) and be handled by more than the bare necessity hardware. Three main types of redundancy usually exist in a brake-by-wire system: Redundant sensors in safety critical components such as the brake pedal. Redundant copies of some signals that are of particular safety importance such as displacement and force measurements of the brake pedal copied by multiple processors in the pedal interface unit. Redundant hardware to perform important processing tasks such as multiple processors for the electronic control unit (ECU) in Fig. 1. In order to utilize the existing redundancy, voting algorithms need to be evaluated, modified and adopted to meet the stringent requirements of a brake-by-wire system. Reliability, fault tolerance and accuracy are the main targeted outcomes of the voting techniques that should be developed especially for redundancy resolution inside a brake-by-wire system. Example of a solution for this problem: A fuzzy voter developed to fuse the information provided by three sensors devised in a brake pedal design. [edit] Missing data compensation In a by-wire car, some sensors are safety-critical components, and their failure will disrupt the vehicle function and endanger human lives. Two examples are the brake pedal sensors and the wheel speed sensors. The electronic control unit must always be informed of the drivers intentions to brake or to stop the vehicle. Therefore, missing the pedal sensor data is a serious problem for functionality of the vehicle control system. Wheel speed data are also vital in a brake-by-wire system to avoid skidding. The design of a by-wire car should provide safeguards against missing some of the data samples provided by the safety-critical sensors. Popular solutions are to provide redundant sensors and to apply a fail-safe mechanism. In addition to a complete sensor loss, the electronic control unit may also suffer an intermittent (temporary) data loss. For example, sensor data can sometimes fail to reach the electronic control unit. This may happen due to a temporary problem with the sensor it self or with the data transmission path. It may also result from an instantaneous short circuit or disconnection, a communication network fault, or a sudden increase in noise. In such cases, for a safe operation, the system has to be compensated for missing data samples. Example of a solution for this problem: Missing data compensation by a predictive filter. [edit] Accurate estimation of position and speed of brake actuators in the e-calipers The caliper controller controls the position and speed of the brake actuator (besides its main task which is tracking of its reference brake command). Thus, position and speed sensors are vitally required in each e-caliper and an efficient design of a measurement mechanism to sense the position and speed of the actuator is required. Recent designs for brake-by-wire systems use resolvers to provide accurate and continuous measurements for both absolute position and speed of the rotor of the actuators. Incremental encoders are relative position sensors and their additive error needs to be calibrated or compensated for by different methods. Unlike the encoders, resolvers provide two output signals that always allow the detection of absolute angular position. In addition, they suppress common mode noise and are especially useful in a noisy environment. Because of these reasons, resolvers are usually applied for the purpose of position and speed measurement in brake-by-wire systems. Howev er, nonlinear and robust observers are required to extract accurate position and speed estimates from the sinusoidal signals provided by resolvers. Example of a solution for this problem: A hybrid resolver-to-digital conversion scheme with guaranteed robust stability and automatic calibration of the resolvers used in an EMB system. [edit] Measurement and/or estimation of clamp force in the electromechanical calipers A clamp force sensor is a relatively expensive component in an EMB caliper. The cost is derived from its high unit value from a supplier, as well as marked production expenses because of its inclusion. The later emanates from the complex assembly procedures dealing with small tolerances, as well as on-line calibration for performance variability from one clamp force sensor to another. The successful use of a clamp force sensor in an EMB system poses a challenging engineering task. If a clamp force sensor is placed close to a brake pad, then it will be subjected to severe temperature conditions reaching up to 800 degrees Celsius that will challenge its mechanical integrity. Also temperature drifts must be compensated for. This situation can be avoided by embedding a clamp force sensor deep within the caliper. However, embedding this sensor leads to hysteresis that is influenced by friction between the clamp force sensor and the point of contact of an inner pad with the rotor. This hys teresis prevents a true clamp force to be measured. Due to the cost issues and engineering challenges involved with including the clamp force sensor, it might be desirable to eliminate this component from the EMB system. A potential opportunity to achieve this presents itself in accurate estimation of the clamp force based on alternative EMB system sensory measurements leading to the omission of a clamp force sensor. Example of a solution for this problem: Clamp force estimation from actuator position and current measurements using sensor data fusion. A magnetometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the strength and/or direction of the magnetic field in the vicinity of the instrument. Magnetism varies from place to place and differences in Earths magnetic field (the magnetosphere) can be caused by the differing nature of rocks and the interaction between charged particles from the Sun and the magnetosphere of a planet. Magnetometers are often a frequent component instrument on spacecraft that explore planets. [edit] Uses Magnetometers are used in ground-based electromagnetic geophysical surveys (such as magnetotellurics) to assist with detecting mineralization and corresponding geological structures. Airborne geophysical surveys use magnetometers that can detect magnetic field variations caused by mineralization, using airplanes like the Shrike Commander.[1] Magnetometers are also used to detect archaeological sites, shipwrecks and other buried or submerged objects, and in metal detectors to detect metal objects, such as guns in security screening. Magnetic anomaly detectors detect submarines for military purposes. They are used in directional drilling for oil or gas to detect the azimuth of the drilling tools near the drill bit. They are most often paired up with accelerometers in drilling tools so that both the inclination and azimuth of the drill bit can be found. Magnetometers are very sensitive, and can give an indication of possible auroral activity before one can see the light from the aurora. A grid of magnetometers around the world constantly measures the effect of the solar wind on the Earths magnetic field, which is published on the K-index.[2] A three-axis fluxgate magnetometer was part of the Mariner 2 and Mariner 10 missions.[3] A dual technique Magnetometer is part of the Cassini-Huygens mission to explore Saturn.[4] This system is composed of a vector helium and fluxgate magnetometers.[5] Magnetometers are also a component instrument on the Mercury MESSENGER mission. A magnetometer can also be used by satellites like GOES to measure both the magnitude and direction of a planets or moons magnetic field. Further information: Spacecraft magnetometer [edit] Mobile phones Magnetometers are appearing in mobile phones. The Apple iPhone 3GS has a magnetometer and comes with a compass app for showing direction. It can also reorient maps to show the direction youre facing.[6] [edit] Types Magnetometers can be divided into two basic types: Scalar magnetometers measure the total strength of the magnetic field to which they are subjected, and Vector magnetometers have the capability to measure the component of the magnetic field in a particular direction, relative to the spatial orientation of the device. The use of three orthogonal vector magnetometers allows the magnetic field strength, inclination and declination to be uniquely defined. Examples of vector magnetometers are fluxgates, superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), and the atomic SERF magnetometer. Some scalar magnetometers are discuss

How Technology Transforms the Private and Public Realms

Jenny Tae English 100 Professor Nicole Pekarske I’m Sorry, What? Robert Samuels, â€Å"Breaking Down Borders: How Technology Transforms the Private and Public Realms. † Reading Popular Culture pages 9-12 I completely agree with this article that technology makes people oblivious to everything around us and be consumed in our own technology. This article portrays exactly what is becoming of the society with the progressing technological advances. Samuels explains how technology can be a barrier to the outside world, our surroundings, and even our loved ones. He explains his observations in the Borders Cafe and how the people are so tuned into their technology and there is barely little to any actual social interaction. He continues to say how anyone can make any public setting their own personal space filled with their technology and their business. I was especially interested and could relate to how he couldn’t even go on to the second page of his book because of a woman talking on her cell phone along with her computer turned on and a magazine on her lap. She’s oblivious to her surroundings and has made that table space her own personal office. Everyone around her learns how she had to cancel her appointment on Friday because of her loud phone conversation. Probably not knowing there were people around her she continues to loudly announce her schedule on her device. Some people might say that technology is a definite positive development with only positive changes. However, although the technological advance have been and is extremely helpful to everyone around the world, people need to think about how people can be too consumed in the technology that they can isolate themselves from the outside world even. Having fun with technology is normal, but we must not forget how to really communicate without the use of texting or email. Communicating face-to-face should be a key skill humans should never lose. The saying, â€Å"having too much of a good thing, can be bad,† is what comes to my mind when I think of technology. The progressing advancements in technology can be hurtful and turn into losing loved ones, with only your technology to console you. Many people don’t realize that having all of this technology is a privilege and they abuse it. Something Samuel said in this article really caught my eye, â€Å" With wireless technology, laptops and cell phones not only help us cross back and forth between the public and private, but they also function to determine the distinction between work and play. † (11) This quote really makes me think and caught my attention because I could relate so much and I’m sure many other students, even adults can say that they have done this at least once. We know that we have work to finish or something we have to do and need technology to accomplish it, yet our hands and eyes wander to personal interests and make us less productive. Technology tempts us to slightly or extremely go off track even though we know we have work to do. The way Samuel presents this problem in the article really shows people to stop and take a look at their personal lives and how much technology we consume ourselves with without even knowing how much we depend on it. He tells the reader how technology growing so rapidly results to us becoming less aware of our surroundings and can hurt loved ones around us. Have you ever had the experience of going out with your family or friends and they are constantly on their devices? Then when they’re not listening while you tell them a story, they go â€Å"I’m sorry, what? † That just makes the outgoing very dull and can make the other person even very upset. Although he/she is out with someone else, they are texting someone else. How about going to a public setting and seeing very young kids on their technological devices talking about web camming with each other and facebooking together. I see that everywhere to kids even young as 10 talk about facebook and twitter and texting 24/7. When I see that I remember how it was when I was a kid and remembering going outside with my friends and talking about how boys were gross. Now as technology grows faster it seems that young children feel that they are more grown than what their actual age is. Remember newspapers, magazines, and book? Who needs them if we can buy anything online onto our kindle, iphone, or laptop? Want to pay your bills? There’s a site were you can dot that. Anything these days can be found online and can be purchased online so we don’t even have to go to the store. Technology has given us the opportunity to become lazier and more content with just pushing one button and not moving from our seats. Technology also can be contributed to people exercising less which can result into the growing obesity rate of America. Technology is rapidly growing to make life more convenient, but we need to make sure that it does not damage and disrupt our personal lives. Being aware of our surroundings and still interacting socially is key. We cannot abuse all of the technology around us that is ever so changing. There are positive aspects to technology and how it has helped the world, however, the negative aspects outweigh the good. The negative aspects can be detrimental to society if people do not realize the damage technology can have if we let technology consume our lives.

The Psychological Factors That Influence The Way People Think

Introduction: Discrimination is a huge and delicate topic in the world today, but first, discrimination needs to be explained. There are many psychological factors that influence the way people think. The way individuals think causes the thoughts of discrimination; therefore, an individual’s psychological makeup will determine their view of others. Discrimination is the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex (Social Psychology—Racism). In order to truly understand discrimination, one must know where and how it starts. Discrimination starts at a young age. Children are the future, and everything the see and learn in their upbringing influences them forever. The ways of discrimination that they learn can transfer into many condescending and secretive ways or can transpire into a bold topic. Discriminating against an individual or a specific group of individuals can truly cause those individuals to have psychological problems, which is why this issue is so wide spread and is considered a worldwide issue. If the human race finds a way to get rid of discrimination all together the world would be a better place. Judgments should be made based on known facts rather than on false information. It is for this reason that has led to intriguing question of why individuals think in a discriminatory manner, and act the way they do, and how humans as a race can fix the problem. There are many outsidesShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Teenagers and Anorexia Essay1078 Words   |  5 Pagesmost self-conscious group of people so it is not surprising that eating disorders are most likely to develop when a girl or boy becomes a teenager. Anorexia is the most common eating disorder in American teenage girls along with the most deadly of all psychological illnesses. 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Religion Essay - 1649 Words

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